Shimano rear derailleur cage sizes (reference)
Short - SS
Medium - GS
Long - SGS
My (naive) understanding.
When buying a rear derailleur (Shimano code RD)
Also keep in mind the cage length
In general short cage (SS) will have a short looking cage and long a long lookingcage
My understanding is that longer cages can deal with bigger teeth gears (front and/or back)
Examples :
A short cage (SS) probably won't cope with a 34 teeth big gear on a rear cassette. Maybe best for 26t rear max (?)
A long cage will likely cope with a 34 teeth rear cassette
Keep in mind to take into account the size of your front gears
It's about how much chain the rear cage can deal with from both the front and rear gear sizes.
Road bikes often seem to have a 'smaller' 1st rear gear (e.g. 26 teeth) and SS cages are often for them (probably the point is that SS will be quicker for changing gear)
MTB's often have a 32 or 34 teeth rear 1st gear (big looking) and will probably need a GS or SGS (can deal with bigger teeth on rear or front)
My current status on this subject : pretty unsure but I have a 34t rear cassette so going for SGS to be safe. Awaiting more wisdom.
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